2013. No. 1(23)

Valery Chebotarev – Associate Professor, Department of Modeling and Business Process Optimization, Faculty of Business Informatics, National Research University Higher School of Economics.  
Address: 20, Myasnitskaya str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation.
E-mail: vchebotarev@hse.ru

Alexander Gromov – Professor, Head of Department of Modeling and Business Process Optimization, Faculty of Business Informatics, National Research University Higher School of Economics.  
Address: 20, Myasnitskaya str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation.
E-mail: agromov@hse.ru

Many famous scientists note that the world is now facing major changes, which require reappraisal of views on nature of organization (enterprise) and on scientific method of organization study. These changes involve both external environment and organization itself. They often require reassessment of concepts, values and targets. Therefore the following questions are particularly important nowadays: what is the reason for loss of competitive advantage by leading enterprises, how could this reasons affect the concept of enterprise and which approaches should be used for its study, what roles are assigned to the employees, how to use employee talent for the benefit enterprise and what should be changed for that, and finally how should a 21^st century enterprise lool like.

The article covers role of subjectivity, subjective structure and reflexivity in enterprise business process management. One of keynotes is that in line with development of community of subjects (creative teams) subject-oriented models are beginning to play the role of planning tools for community activities turning them into self-reflexive systems. Furthermore, subjectivity and subjective structure are becoming (and possibly already became) the most important factor of good enterprise performance. Primarily it is referred to creative and innovative enterprises which are consciously moving towards social culture and multiple rationality. Further an opinion that successful innovative activities could be achieved only basing on subjectivity seems reasonable.

Mikhail Ivlev – Associate Professor, Department of Computer Technologies in Design and Manufacturing, Institute of Radio Electronics and Information Technologies, Nizhniy Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev.
Address: 24, Minina str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation.
E-mail: ivlev-ma@yandex.ru

Issue concerning mathematical models for optimization of company output subject to its customers preferences is still cental to production and consumption theory. Models are based on finite directed graph (digraph) with flows which formalizes optimal selection in terms of type, quality and cost of product.

Based on digraph analysis objective functions for optimization problem solving were determined. Particularly objective functions and limitations necessary and sufficient for optimal solutions were specified. Moreover production and consumption theory allows intuitive designing and manufacture of differentiated products in accordance with customer needs. This paper describes logic and process of parameterization through optimization model, which refers to nonlinear integer programming (objective function is nonlinear, limitations are linear). Additionally method of minimal graph partition into set of independent arcs.

Usefulness of this paper is proved by the fact that it offers method for minimal edge separation which takes into account generation of paths in digraph with flows as compared to traditional edge separation in network models. Digraph nodes are classified and rules on which calculation of flows to outer vertexes is based are set up.

Production and consumption theory and its chain binary structure interpretation allow choice and validation of relevant mathematical model (the first step of modeling process). After analysis of such model objective function is made up, limitations are determined and algorithm is developed.

If necessary, this mathematical model could be extended to those objective functions which are determined by more than two factors. In this case graph would be m-dimensional where m is a number of factors.

Viacheslav Abrosimov – Senior Researcher, head of department, Step Logic Company.
Address: 3, build. 3, Polkovaya str., Moscow, 127018, Russian Federation.
E-mail: v_abrosimov@step.ru

Valentin Lebidko – Senior Analyst, Step Logic Company.
Address: 3, build. 3, Polkovaya str., Moscow, 127018, Russian Federation.
E-mail: v_lebidko@step.ru 

One of the central tasks in modeling, which arise when organizing a mass-scale public event, is simulation of the visitors crowds’ flow through various delimiters: metal detectors, turnstiles, ticket boxes, police officers, streaming the crowd. Along with modeling the restrictions, it is important to simulate certain groups of events, which may both distort in the plan and order of the event, and change the flow of the crowd: cancelled event, interrupted event, terrorists’ attacks etc.

Simulation modeling is one of the major methods used to study mass-scale public events, the paper’s example being XII Sochi Winter Olympic Games. The elements of the system “visitors – service personnel – sports buildings” and their interaction has been described though the following algorithm. The object of modeling is the groups of people attending the event (visitors) and its service personnel. The planning of the visitors’ paths was described as the spatial motions of “intellectual agents” falling into several key groups. Agents are persons attending the event (visitors). Each agent from a certain group had their own behavior parameters, acted independent from other agents with the aim of visiting the event and dependent of the external factors and the crowd effect. An agent’s parameters were determined only by the group their belong to, and this determined an agent’s strategy.

The designed simulation model allowed describing the stream of people intending to visit a mass sports event of the Games, those both with and without the documents providing admittance to the event. The model also describes such phenomena as the queues and (as an extreme case) crowd as part of the mass event management, depending on the public transport and serving devices characteristics, as the following: the number of metal detectors and turnstiles, admittance documents lending efficiency, as well as the volunteers’ work effectiveness as the part of the regular service activities for the Games’ visitors.

The simulation results in identifying crisis events causing the increase in time periods for giving out admittance documents and, consequently, queues starting to form; as well as unpredictable occurances collecting huge crowds at the exits and distorting the sports event.

The simulation results are presented in the form of process diagrams in UML notation (Unified Modeling Language), implemented in the software product AnyLogic 6.

Alena Fedotova – Researcher, Department of Computer Systems in Manufacturing, Faculty of Management Information Systems, Bauman Moscow State Technical University.  
Address: 5, 2nd Baumanskaya str., Moscow, 105005, Russian Federation.  
E-mail: afedotova@acm.org

Mikhail Ovsyannikov – Associate Professor, Department of Computer Systems in Manufacturing, Faculty of Management Information Systems, Bauman Moscow State Technical University.  
Address: 5, 2nd Baumanskaya str., Moscow, 105005, Russian Federation.  
E-mail: mvo50@mail.ru

Victor Taratoukhine – Head of SAP Academic Department, Faculty of Business Informatics, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Managing Director ERCIS Competence Center ERP and head of ERCIS Lab. Russia, University of Munster, Germany.
Address: Germany, Munster, Leonardo-Campus, 3, University of Munster, ERCIS – Headquarters. 
E-mail: victor.taratoukhine@ercis.uni-muenster.de

Significance of the following research could be explained by the fact aircraft competitiveness is affected by multiple factors including Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul system. Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) means procedures and operations to maintain good working condition of an item during its normal use, standby, storage and transportation. Main indicators to describe MRO system performance are scope and schedule of maintenance which directly affect operating costs, and aircraft utilization rate. It should be noted that requirements for MRO program in Russia are different from those in foreign countries.

This paper aims at study of planning and maintenance methods in Russian MRO practices in order to determine opportunities for scope and schedule optimization.

This article describes analysis of MRO planning methods, tasks for MRO, set-up of limitations, means of compliance with limitations, appropriate for periodic maintenance planning. Method of problem solving based on combination of brute-force and search space limitation methods is specified. As opposed to brute-force approach this method allows shortening search time by limiting the search space. Moreover this method allows scanning of all possible combinations and solutions. This algorithm involves following separate units: limitation parser, problem solver and searcher. This allows simplifying system support and extends its application field due to adjustment of algorithm in accordance with specific conditions without reprogramming.

Vladimir Mokeyev – Senior Researcher, Head of Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, South Ural State University.
Address: 76, Lenin prospekt, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation.
E-mail:  mokeyev@mail.ru

Stanislav Tomilov – Post-Graduate Student, Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, South Ural State University.
Address: 76, Lenin prospekt, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation.
E-mail:  tomilov_stas@mail.ru 

Due to large variety of application tasks which use either images itself or products of their processing the image processing is now in the center of research activity. The most relevant task in this sphere is facial recognition for identifying a person. One problem here is in the lack of photo images of a person to describe completely his individual variation.

Methods based on Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) are widely held in the sphere of facial recognition at the present day. LDA represents the projection of image space on feature space in such a way as to minimize intraclass space and to maximize interclass space in feature space. Though LDA is useful for pattern classification, LDA-based algorithms are prone to problems with small sample size. As a result, intraclass difference matrix  becomes singular. To solve this problem, different variants of LDA algorithms were developed.

The most successful practices to resolve this problem are approaches which combine LDA with principal component analysis (PCA). Though effectiveness of such approach is evident PCA does not ensure successful application of LDA. After transformation intraclass covariance matrix still can be singular. This article is concerned with algorithm of generalized LDA in which discriminant component calculation is carried out using generalized Jacobi method. Effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by experiments on ORL database.

Vasiliy Gai – Associate Professor, Department of Information Systems and Technologies, Institute of Radio Electronics and Information Technologies, Nizhniy Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev.
Address: 24, Minina str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation.
E-mail: vasiliy.gai@gmail.com

Generation of spectrum representation of signals is an essential phase in practically any digital signal processing. Such generation of spectrum representation is usually aimed at distinguishing properties of a signal as necessary for solving a particular task. The signal spectrum generation often employs wavelet transformation, Fourier transformation or discrete cosine transformation. This study proposes and analyzes algorithms of generation of a multi-level (coarse-to-fine) spectrum representation of signals based on U-transformation. Such representation is built using filters based on Walsh functions of the Harmuth’s system. It should be noted that there is also a fine-to-coarse approach of signal decomposition as implemented, for example, in wavelet transformation.

The benefits brought by U-transformation as compared to the existing methods of computing a spectrum representation lie in the use of addition and multiplication operators only in the computation process. In contrast to the Fourier transformation, U-transformation operates with real numbers instead of complex numbers. The spectrum decomposition generated using U-transformation shows invariance to the amplitude and frequency of signals being compared, i.e. if the compared signals have different frequency but the same form, then their decompositions will be similar.

U-transformation can be used for generation of spectrum representation in the applications of aural signal processing, vibration-based diagnostics, electrocardiogram analysis, etc. There are also opportunities to apply this type of transformation as a solution for qualitative behavior comparison of economic time series of varying length. 

Vadim Dyagilev – Post-Graduate Student, Department of Higher Mathematics and Mathematical Simulation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Altai State Technical University.
Address: 46, Lenin pr., Altay region, Barnaul, 656038, Russian Federation.
E-mail: dyagilev@mail.ru

Alexander Tskhay – Professor, Head of Department of Mathematics and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Economics, Altai Academy of Economics and Law.
Address: 82, Komsomolsky pr., Altay region, Barnaul, 656038, Russian Federation.
E-mail: taa1956@mail.ru

Sergey Butakov – Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Economics, Altai Academy of Economics and Law.
Address: 82, Komsomolsky pr., Altay region, Barnaul, 656038, Russian Federation.
E-mail: sergey.butakov@gmail.com

The research analyzes existing approaches in detection of textual plagiarism and identifies potential problems related to the outsourcing of the web-search for similar documents on the internet. The problems arise out of the fact that third-party plagiarism detection services require to use an entire document for the checkup. This situation may be unacceptable in some cases, e.g. in connection with copyright concerns.

Based on findings of the analysis, an improved architecture of a plagiarism detection system is suggested with supportive evidence to confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach. In the suggested architecture, the internet search represents a separate module hosted by a third-party checkup organization. In contrast to the conventional architectures, the new one assumes that, instead of an entire document, the third party receives only certain part of it containing key phrases sufficient to look for identical texts on the web. In this case, the third party sends back preliminary search results for potential sources of copying, while the detailed comparison is carried out on the client side. The experiment conducted as part of the research correlates the amount of text taken from the web with the quality of plagiarism detection based on the limited number of queries. It is evidenced for specialized texts that the proposed approach allows to locate the original sources based on a limited set of queries if as little as 5% of the text is copied from the web, while rendering almost impossible for the third party to fully restore the document subjected to the checkup. For general texts, the copying minimum tends to be fairly higher. In general, the proposed approach allows to avoid sending an entire document for a third party check.

Dmitry Isaev – Associate Professor, Department of Business Analytics, Faculty of Business Informatics, National Research University Higher School of Economics.  
Address: 20, Myasnitskaya str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation.
E-mail: disaev@hse.ru

At present performance management systems (PMSs), as systems for information support of corporate governance and strategic management, become more and more important both for commercial companies and non-for-profit organizations. Corporate planning and budgeting is one of the key elements of PMS, because it plays a role of a link between strategy and current activities of an organization. The objective of the paper is to develop a conceptual model of corporate planning and budgeting system (taking into consideration its positioning within integrated PMS), as well as to define software applications that are relevant to such system.

The functional block of corporate planning and budgeting is relevant to strategy implementation (developing a base for detailed operational planning), control (determining the deviations between planned and actual values) and strategic analysis (investigation of causes of these deviations). The block contains two functional modules: plans / budgets drawing up and plans / budgets fulfillment analysis. The inputs and outputs of each of these two modules are specified in the paper.

Corporate planning and budgeting information systems represent a class of applications with functionality allowing to develop strategy oriented long-term company-wide plans (in operating terms) and budgets (in financial terms). However some of the important tasks (definition of planning assumptions, decision making, fulfillment analysis, visualization of management information) are beyond the functionality of typical planning and budgeting software. That’s why some other classes of information systems (simulation, statistical analysis, financial analysis and modeling, group decision making, business intelligence) are applicable as complementary solutions within an integrated planning and budgeting system. 

Fedor Krasnov – Director, Virtual Skolkovo Project Office, Skolkovo Fund.
Address: 12, Krasnopresnenskaya nab., Moscow, 123610, Russian Federation.
E-mail: fk@sk.ru

Rostislav Yavorskiy – Customer Relations Manager, Skolkovo Fund.
Address: 12, Krasnopresnenskaya nab., Moscow, 123610, Russian Federation.
E-mail: ryavorsky@sk.ru

In today’s world, formal online community models represent a rather insufficiently explored field of social and economic systems. Maturity model-based approaches can be utilized to assess the level of development of online communities. A maturity model is a common method to institutionalize various types of creative activities, and models such as CMM and CMMI developed by Software Engineering Institute are widely practiced. This opens quite topical opportunities for modeling and measuring the maturity level of professional communities. 

The study proposes an approach for assessing maturity levels of professional online communities. It is based on measuring two sets of parameters that characterize the level of competence and the density of the network of contacts in a community. With such approach, the formal model is described in terms of combination of social and semantic networks. The study also provides results of the pilot testing of the proposed approach for assessment of several city-wide IT-communities in central Russia. The authors use their experience and initial studies in developing an online community of the http://sk.ru portal as part of the Virtual Skolkovo program.

The proposed rating of an online community provides for a system approach to assessing the current status of professional communities. However, this approach (in its current form) has a certain limited scope of applicability. First of all, a more definitive list of parameters and their weight needs to be elaborated, specifically to account for financial performance and social/ demographic data of a region, information on registered legal entities, etc. In addition, the methods of assessing each parameter require further study. A system of scoring by experts is currently used, and future consideration should be given to the avoiding or at least minimizing the human subjectivity factor.

The proposed approach to the design of a maturity model of a professional community will need a more thorough experimental verification and further research. The authors plan to continue with developing the suggested community rating methodology through replacing the subjective expert scoring with a system of formal parameters calculated on the basis of the proposed model. 

Konstantin Latyshev – Post-Graduate Student, Department of Applied Mathematics and Analytical Decision-Making Support, Moscow Metropolitan Governance University.
Address: 28, Sretenka str., Moscow, 107045, Russian Federation. 
E-mail: konstantin73@inbox.ru

Vladimir Sidorenko – Associate Professor, Economic Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Associate Professor, Department of Applied Mathematics and Analytical Decision-Making Support, Moscow Metropolitan Governance University.
Address: 28, Sretenka str., Moscow, 107045, Russian Federation. 
E-mail: v_sidorenko@mail.ru

At present government institutions and big international companies widely use a variety of information systems for decision-making support. These are systems for objectives creation for directions-departments-divisions, systems for long-term detailed planning, geographically distributed systems for report collecting from linear departments. As a rule, such systems contain components for user-friendly presentation of spatially aggregated data, trends, views (special subset of grouped on spatial criteria basis), convenient for “insight” and analysis.

Contemporary methods of analysis and presentation of social economic data are concerned in the paper. For this purpose a Spatial OLAP solution is proposed. On-line real-time comprehensive analysis of social economic data can be performed in relation with spatial analysis of geodata. The suggested solution is innovative, inexpensive, based on widely used proved products of famous software vendors. At this moment, no similar solutions are existed among academic and business communities.

In the paper the solution for “convenient real-time treatment” of spatial social economic data is suggested to produce reliable “insights”. In the terms of information technologies the solution uses some standard BI, OLAP and GIS systems of well-known software vendors. The notion of BI must be extended to the field of GIS-analysis and results in Spatial BI notion (based on Spatial OLAP technology). There are no big vendors now with the Spatial OLAP (SOLAP) and Spatial BI products. SOLAP solution with a limited functionality is proposed now only by SAS Institute.